Managing Diversity Through Self-Awareness and Personal...

Managing Diversity through Self-Awareness and Personal Motivation Managing diversity has the potential to be one of the most challenging issues for healthcare management. Healthcare organizational growth requires an increase in workforce, and workforce is becoming more multicultural and diverse. In order for one to manage diversity effectively, one must be self-aware and personally motivated. One’s self-awareness and behavior have the potential to be influenced by different factors such as culture, belief, and values. The motivation behind a manager’s leadership also should be considered. Healthcare managers may be result focused on specific outcomes therefore, missing an opportunity for personal motivation in all areas of managerial†¦show more content†¦Dreachslin (2007) points out that â€Å"diversity is multidimensional† (p. 81), including not only â€Å"racial, ethnic and gender identities† (p. 81), as well as â€Å"generation, social class, physical ability, family, religion† (p. 81), and affiliatio n groups along those lines. Majority/minority diversity is still an important factor, though, as Rosenberg (2008) stating â€Å"80% of whites thought that minorities were well represented today in healthcare†¦while only 59% of minorities agreed† (p. 126). The difference is this statistic lends further to the argument that managers must be prepared and able to manage diversity. With the broad encompassment of the definition of diversity, the requirement of personal motivation in diversity management, the formulation of behavior from personal beliefs, examination of the level of a manager’s skill and competence in these areas becomes apparent. Gill (1996) outlined points as indicating as personal motivating needs an individual will attempt to achieve, even though difficult choices may be required. One of these anchors is managerial competence, in which the goal is resource and people management (Gill, 1996). Leadership is an attribute of general competence, with the overall aim to becoming generally proficient (Gill, 1996). As diversity is integrated into the individual, the further anchors become available,Show MoreRelatedTeam Concept, Human Behavior, Persuasion Diversity1364 Words   |  6 Pagescertain personal goals, and what they want in their relationships with others. Psychologist Abraham Maslow divides human needs into five categories, prog ressing from basic needs to complex needs. Discuss Maslow’s five â€Å"Hierarchy of Human Needs.† List and discuss each one. Maslow’s five Hierarchy of Human Needs are: 1. Survival. The needs that are taken as the starting point for motivation theory are the physiological, or basic body tissue, needs. Taking a breath of air and acting in self-defenseRead MoreOrganizational Culture Organizational Behavior Diversity1622 Words   |  7 PagesCULTURE ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR DIVERSITY COMMUNICATION ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR AND GROUP DYNAMICS MGT/307 July 20, 2010 Organizational Culture is the system of shared actions, values, and beliefs that has developed within an organization and guides the behavior of its members. Organizational Development consists of special applications of knowledge gained from behavioral science to create a comprehensive design to improve organizational effectiveness. Through the collective experiencesRead MoreSkills And Qualities Of Effective Management1504 Words   |  7 PagesDempsey. Zhang Joanna. Cockerline English112 November. 14 Skills and Qualities of Effective Management Management can be simply defined as a procedure that cuts through all organizational roles and a force that integrates the numerous activities in an organization in order to ensure the goals of the said organization are attained. It can also be defined as the coordination and organization of activities of a business in order to realize the business’s goals. Effective management is that which ensuresRead MoreCultural Diversity And The Perspectives From Manager s Competences And Leadership Style2497 Words   |  10 PagesThis essay is in the area of workforce diversity, specifically cultural diversity. The purpose of this essay is to critically examine cultural diversity with the perspectives from manager’s competences and leadership style. Therefore, this essay will critically examine the workforce diversity concept and the implications of leadership, competencies and management. Several of strategies available for managers to deal with diversity in the workplace will be discussed. There are many types of leadershipRead MoreNbt1 Task 11692 Words   |  7 PagesEngagement, Motivation Task # 642.1.1: Classroom Management Theories Classroom Management A. The Importance of Classroom Management The fundamental goal of an educator is to effectively teach their students. Therefore, the effectiveness of an educator’s classroom management is directly correlated to the student’s educational success. Moreover, an effective classroom management strategy contributes to an attentive and orderly classroom, providing the students with self-motivation, essentialRead MoreEssay about Bullying and Harassment1373 Words   |  6 PagesManaging bullying and harassment in the workplace When most of us hear the term ‘bullying’ we seem to reflect back on childhood memories of the schoolyard bully tormenting others for self-amusement, much to the distain of others around them. Unfortunately this seems not to be the only time such behaviour occurs. Workplace bullying and harassment can be defined as ‘Offending, socially excluding someone or negatively affecting someone’s work tasks. It can occur repeatedly and regularly over a periodRead MoreThe Diversity Programs And Development1749 Words   |  7 PagesDiversity programs and development, when managed well, can make or break business innovation and productivity. Micron is a technical organization on the forefront of diversity programming. We will explore this organization s reasoning for developing a strong program, highlight some key features and make the case that vigorous diversity efforts affect recruitment, retention, motivation and engagement. In 1978, Micron Technology, Inc. was founded in Boise, Idaho. Micron is the global leader inRead MoreMacdonlds1315 Words   |  6 Pagesfour major regions. Managers and the organizations became more aware of the strengths and talent gaps in each area. The company also has to look at the diversity piece of the pie. We would implement these ideals through training. Training is a widely used strategy in managing diversity in the workplace. Other strategies for managing diversity include: initiatives to change the organizational culture; policy revision to support diverse needs; mentoring programs; nontraditional work arrangements;Read MoreEmotional Intelligence : Self Regulation Essay1820 Words   |  8 PagesEmotional Intelligence Self-regulation operates under the bigger process of emotional intelligence. Emotional intelligence is a determinant in how drivers will respond on the road in an ever-changing driving environment (Stephens Ukpere, 2011). Of 565 participants, eighty percent that had been involved in car accidents displayed low emotional intelligence or found it difficult to control emotions (Stephens Ukpere, 2011). As evidenced by numerous self-help books, Westerners place value on theRead MoreOrganizational Behavior : The Department Of Human Resource And Management1524 Words   |  7 Pagesstrategies that accommodate people diversity characteristics. The department of human resource and management makes plan to deal with diversity. Diversity issues involves individual characteristics, an individual primary characteristic refers to individuals biological traits such as gender, race, sexual orientations and others. Secondary characteristics are factors that may be changed such as religion, educa tional background, and income and so on. Others diversity issues cover ethnicity/nationality

The Importance of Prayer in Islam Worship - 804 Words

1. The Importance of Prayer in Islam Worship 2. Raden Kartini Prayer is one of the most cardinal elements of Islamic worship. The Muslims highly regard prayer as an important aspect of their life. Prayer, in addition to the testimony of faith, the journey to Mecca, paying the poor tax and fasting during the period of Ramadan, forms the most significant model of religious life for Muslims. Salat is a ritual prayer highly upheld in the Muslim fraternity. It is a daily ritual prayer executed five times a day by all Muslims. One of the originations of the name Salat is the base word Silat which means contact or connection. This means that the prayer brings the servant closer to his creator. Also it is believed that the word Salat is derived from Silat, which happens to be one of the names of fire when said in the context, â€Å"The wood is burned by fire.† Muslims are obligated to perform this ritual prayer five times a day, at different time intervals. This facilitates remembrance by the Muslims regarding their faith. Each prayer is estimated to take at most five minutes but it may be longer depending on an individuals will. The prayer entails recitations from the Quran in Arabic. The recitations are accompanied by a chronological sequence of movements: standing, bowing, prostrating and sitting. The postures are contrived to assist the Muslims recall of mortality and the different phase of life. The movements also correspond to the rising and setting of the heavenly bodies.Show MoreRelatedThe Salah: One of the 5 Pilars of Islam829 Words   |  3 PagesRitual Analysis The Salah is one of the 5 Pillars of Islam, signifying it as a key element of Islam. It is practiced throughout the Muslim world in various contexts (alone, in a group, various countries). The Salah is a very ridged and structured ritual that Muslims do multiple times a day. The Salah is a vital ritual in Islam; the layers of meaning that I will be discussing are integrating worship into daily life, submission to God, establishing a community of followers, and finally the implicationsRead MoreCompare and Contrast: Hinduism and Islam Essay872 Words   |  4 PagesReligion: Hinduism and Islam Every society is based on different religion. Different people follow different types of religion according to their birth or by choice. The major religions of the world are Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Sikhism, Buddhism, and Judaism. Each religion is similar and different from one another in terms of festivals, practices and beliefs. Apart from Christianity, Hinduism and Islam are the two most widely practiced religions in the world today. They have their own traditionsRead MoreEssay about An Analysis of a Mosque1037 Words   |  5 Pages A Mosque is the place or building serving as a place of worship which Muslims use to pray and worship Allah. The Mosque is a very important part of Muslim worship. This is because the Islam religion places great importance on prayer and worshiping Allah. All Mosques differ in appearance and size. The main factor affecting the size of a Mosque is the religious majority of the countryRead MoreIslam Five Pillars1344 Words   |  6 PagesExplain and analyse the significance of the Five Pillars of Islam on the individual and the community making reference to the principal beliefs where relevant. Central to the Muslim belief is the importance of devotion and total submission to Allah. This is put into practice through the Five Pillars of Islam –the five obligatory duties that must be performed by all practising Muslims. These are the acts of faith, prayer, charity, fasting and pilgrimage. Carrying out these duties creates structureRead MoreThe Beliefs Of Islam And The Five Pillars1322 Words   |  6 Pages      Islam is not only religion, but a way of life followed by over 1 billion Muslims. Islam identifies the six articles of faith, central beliefs that every Muslim must believe in order to be a true Muslim. These include the belief in existence and unity of God, existence of angels, God’s revelation to humans in holy books, God appointing prophets to all people, resurrection and life after death, and God’s Will and human freedom of choice (Ewing, 2004, p. 1). The importance of these beliefs can beRead MoreCompare And Contrast The Three Pillars Of Islam1157 Words   |  5 PagesPillars of Islam Compared to Christian Beliefs In Islam and Christianity, there are similar and different beliefs and practices. In Islam, the five pillars form the core of the religion. Muslims go about their lives abiding by these pillars (â€Å"Islam†). In Christianity, there are not necessarily pillars, but there are commandments that one should live their life by (â€Å"Christianity†). The three pillars of Islam that will be identified resemble some of the beliefs in Christianity. The declaration of faithRead MoreThree Religions : One God1467 Words   |  6 PagesThree Religions: One God Christianity, Islam, and Judaism are three of the most influential religions in the world. Together, they account for almost four billion followers. These religions are usually referred to as the Abrahamic religions. This is because they all claim Abraham as an important pillar of their faith. Christianity, Islam, and Judaism have many things in common, including a main place of worship and holy book, but within these similarities are some major differences. ChristianityRead MoreOrthopraxy in Islam1151 Words   |  5 PagesMarisa DeMull May 1, 2001 RLST 2600 Orthopraxy in Islam Islamic life is centered on the physical practice of prayer (salat). With that the religion of Islam itself is based in the methodical movement through which Muslims show their devotion to Allah. The prayer begins with the devotee standing, bending slowly into a sitting position and ending in full prostration. Bowing fully onto the ground is a practice that shows humility and represents the true devotion of members. Practice-centeredRead MoreExplain The Significance Of The Five Pillars Of Islam1360 Words   |  6 Pagesthe faith of Islam The Five Pillars of Islam are pivotal in expressing the Islamic faith for the global community and individual adherent. It unifies adherents with a common spiritual identity within the umma which in turn encourages social cohesion. Many Islamic nations incorporate the faith in laws and promote social welfare to inspire moral behaviour within the society. Ethics, acts of worship and core beliefs of the Islamic tradition are supported by the Five Pillars of Islam (Shahadah, SalatRead MoreEssay about Orthopraxy In Islam1105 Words   |  5 PagesOrthopraxy in Islam nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Islamic life is centered on the physical practice of prayer (salat). With that the religion of Islam itself is based in the methodical movement through which Muslims show their devotion to Allah. The prayer begins with the devotee standing, bending slowly into a sitting position and ending in full prostration. Bowing fully onto the ground is a practice that shows humility and represents the true devotion of members. Practice-centered religion differentiates

Brotherhood Free Essays

Brotherhood cannot be walked away from. It is a lifelong relationship with who you call brothers. From my experience with brotherhood, its a promise they have between one another. We will write a custom essay sample on Brotherhood or any similar topic only for you Order Now Brothers stay together when they are at their best, and their worse, that’s the respect that is given and received with brothers. The difference between friendships and brotherhood’s are the internal bond you have and the pure love between them. But how far will a fake brotherhood go? Pat Conroy’s, The lords of Discipline and Tim O’Brien’s, The things They Carried, and other works show how brotherhood is essential to survival in difficult situations. When peoplee are going through a difficult situation in life, sometimes they just need someone by their side to make it through. Brotherhoods in war are more important than romantic or familial ones back home. These brotherhood’s are what keeps them going, they carry their brothers emotionally. In The Things They Carried the brothers did more for each other than support one another during the way: â€Å" They shared the weight of memory. They took up what others could no longer bear. Often, they carried each other, the wounded or weak† (Tim O’Brien 39). CBrotherhood’s were formed because they shared ocommonproblems, that are not understandable putside the brotherhood in the war becauyse those problems become to great. These brothers experienced things together that will stay with them for the rest of their lives, and use each other to over comer obstacles and gain success. The necessity of brotherhood is also represented in going to school’s like the Carolina Institute and going through a plebe year are one of the most challenging things you could do alone, in The Lords Of Discipline a breakable bond is created by four boy’s being brought together during the cruelty of the plebe system. Mark, Will, Tradd, and Pig come together during their tough time as plebes and would do anything for each other, along with the rest of the plebes in R company. The boys in the R company that were going through plebe year together stuck up for a fellow plebe Bobby Bentle to prove he was not alone since suffering with uncontrollable urination: â€Å"The sound they heard was the sound of the other thirty seven freshman pissing in their own pants, in affirmation of our own allegiance to Bobby Bentley of Ocilla, Georgia† (Conroy 170). The boy’s all exposed themselves under the watch of the upperclassmen to demonstrate the strength of their brotherhood. Without the brotherhood between the plebe’s in R companty Boby Bentyly would not have had the courage and condifence to stay another day at the inttitue. His brothers kidness was essential to his servival of the pleve system. The plebe system and going to war are just the few times that brotherhood’s form, but they are what keep you sane at the end of the day. In fraternity’s the frat process can be very stressful and growing brotherhood’s through your college years can almost change your college experience, Ray Plaza a fraternity alumni say’s he has â€Å" found that the bond of brotherhood is a valuable one as it has helped me to grow as an individual and also a man. The fraternity has allowed me to develop meaningful relationships † (Plaza 1). For Ray, knowing his brtohers were going through the same struggles as him, made it easier to not feel alone, and to have brothers to go to. A similar brotherhood exists in the West Point Military Academy where our guest speaker Patrick Ellison attends who believes, â€Å"your room and your brothers are your escape† (Ellison). When you attend the institute you need someone to to go when things get tough, and for him it was going to his room which he shared with his â€Å"brother†. Not only is your brother someone you can go to, its someone that will have your back and be with you through thick and thin, and to Patrick it was the escape from his problems and worries, which made it able for him to survive. When Brandon Davies violated a honor code and was kicked off his basketball team, although he disappointed his team, â€Å"Davie’s teammates, whose hopes were also crushed, said they bore him no malice and considered him a brother† (Gibbs 1). Without the support of his teammates through a time when they could have easily turned their back’s to him, David would have been all alone through his time of struggle. How far will a fake brotherhood go? Theirs people who use a brotherhood for their own benefit, not considering their fellow brothers, how long can that last? When will find’s out that Tradd was in the Ten and their brotherhood was a lie, Tradd does anything to take it back, â€Å"I just can’t lose you. I can’t afford afford to lose you. Do you hear me, Will? I’m begging you. I’ll do anything to get your friendship back, you have no idea how important it is to me† (Conroy 555). When you betray a brotherhood, you learn that you were never truly apart of it, because you would have never betrayed it like Tradd did. When you go through the institute you wont make it without your brothers, the guest speaker  spoke of his years at the institute saying, â€Å"It’s necessary to have brotherhood† (Ellison). So when what’s gotten you through turns out to be a lie, it’s the worst feeling you could have. In life, there will always be a time when we need help. And when we do, we turn to our brother’s, someone we know will be there for us through everything in life. There’s a comfort in knowing you have someone to talk to about anything, share anything, or someone that will back you up or help you when you’re in need. How to cite Brotherhood, Papers

Review on Accounting Software Packages

Question: Discuss about the Review on Accounting Software Packages. Answer: In the views of (Daniel Bricklin, 1985), accounting software/packages are more of computerized accounting system. These are basically the computer programs that are designed to assist the enterprise and businesses as for they have their data recorded with such software of the financial transactions occurred in an enterprise There can be different accounting software for different purposes depending upon the functionality of the business. For example: in the bigger firms wherein of different departments information is to be recorded then such accounting software are used which shall assimilate the data from different departments and customize its solutions. Feasibly, accounting software nowadays has proved to be an irreplaceable means. Software permits the consolidated form of detailed list of financial events to be tracked in the easiest possible manner. Advantages of using accounting softwares over the tasks performed by hand, has reduced the costs of accounting and increased the ac curacy for captivating financial decisions in better way with less time consumption. Moreover, this is a way of making through well-timed reporting. As for the reason, before the usage of the accounting software hand written long journal transactions were prepared which involved labor to combine the manual transactions. For example: the Ghanaian banking industry in Australia has adopted various strategies so as to achieve long term profitability as well as organizational growth, one of those is using the accounting software/packages. History of accounting software / packages Earlier accounting was practiced with the method of ledger. A book consisted of different account as for example: cash receivables, payables, debtors, creditors, stock holder equity. The events related to the day-to-day transactions were recorded manually into the books of journal. A computer software application named Intuit was launched in 1983, so as to quicken the procedure of personal finance. Similarly, for the purpose of tax deviousness of federal and income taxes Turbo tax is now used (Novinson). This growth and development in computerized accounting, for concern of the accountant it was made a lot easier for them to perform computerized accounting instead of manual journal entries. Also, the accounting software applications served a professional way for the accountants to accomplish their task in well-organized manner and expeditiously as well with fewer complications. In the contemporary years tremendous growth in the technological advancement can be witnessed and also, innovations like personal computer to help the human resources to route the businesses. Intuit, consequently played a significant part in revolutionizing accounting for computer-generated age. Accounting software/packages applications commonly used in Australia are: Intuit Quick books, MYOB, Reckon, SaaSu, and Xero. The maximum popular accounting software program operated by the business enterprises is Intuits quick books. The enterprise owners all through Australia use quick books to keep an eye on their commercial business costs, prices and proceeds. MYOB is also accounting software which enables to its users the most streamlined functioning. With the MYOB interface, the transactions related to factor of sales are comprised into the business enterprise operations. Reckon, accounting software for Australian organizations is considered to be the excellent one for the purpose of book keeping and accounting as well. Moreover, for the small and medium sized organizations it is considered to be the cheapest cloud accounting software which enables the accountants to perform their task in the most efficient manner. This also raised area for the payments to be received through th e debit/credit cards from ones mobile phones that is Reckon Pay. These accounting software/packages for the business enterprises in Australia has proved to be way helpful for the accountants and book keepers to prepare and maintain their books of accounts in the compact manner. Development and adoption of the accounting software /packages used in Australia: As in the interpretations of Greuning (2006), the developments in the information technology have in due course for the management as well as the external users of the organization have led to the introduction of the computerized accounting systems for preparing the resourceful corporate reports for better analytical decision making. Furthermore, it is determined that the usage of the computerized accounting software/packages are considered to be the instrument of development, being its biggest advantage for corporate reporting (Frenzel, 2006). The adoption of computer software / packages has enabled the business enterprise to maintain the business financial transactions. The inflows and the outflows of a business are managed in simpler form for larger businesses. Additionally, the adoption of this software by various business enterprises in Australia has led to help the companies in accounting of different departments more efficiently which reduces the cost as well as the mistakes committed while book keeping and accounting of such bigger business enterprises. Adoption of these accounting software /packages has led to the following advantages: Accuracy: accounting software has helped not only in increasing the accuracy of the financial records but also the reduction in the human errors while calculations are made. As an incorrect calculation mistakes which were made manually led to the process have a great effect on the end balance. On the other hand, such software/ packages are virtually unable of committing such errors. Considering the fact that data entry done on the computer systems is entered correctly. Speed: with the usage of the accounting software it allows greater speed than the ones which are done manually. Moreover, by the automated software has increased the efficiency in the business enterprises. For example: if in the business enterprise the sales tax is to be recorded on all the dealings. Then, such software could arrange to do this for each of its transactions inevitably rather than having a specific staff member to perform this. These tasks eventually reduce the costs mechanisms also. All the speed along with efficiency with the reduction in the costs goes hand-in -hand. This will result in more saving for the organization. Current market size: At the present time in Australia there are three big competitors in the market: Intuit Quick Books Online, MYOB and Xero. Such software/packages in Australia are of utmost important in a business as by this book keepers can make their management decisions more easily on their mobile phones or through the desktop. The leader MYOB-has raised its market share between $AU831.7 - $AU833.8 million. Whereas, Xero being evolved from New Zealand to spend about $250 million on such developing software/packages in Australia. (Source: business insider Australia, 2015). Moreover, in the Australian markets the US market leader Intuit has rolled over. As in the views of MD Nicolette Maury, she says Intuit as amazing. She has also mentioned that despite the accounting software being of such importance to the business enterprises but there can still be developments made for more growth and betterment. In comparison to MYOB, Intuit gains the leadership in markets of over $ 27 billion (Source: business Insider Australia, 2015). Who are the current market leaders in Australia? Quick books are the market leaders of accounting software in Australia with over 80% as mentioned by Brad Paterson, Vice president of Intuit Quick Books. Also the shift has been seen by the Australian clients who were earlier using Microsoft excel. Intuit Quick Books has now targeted the Australian accounting practices as well as its customers for Reckon Accounts by Quick Books(Forbes,2015). Competitive advantages of Intuits Quick books: Recognized markets: basically, intuit have no direct competitors into cloud marketing online. With respect of the long run it has already acquired a large number of customers which helps it make a recognized market. Intuit being single supplier: Intuit Quick book is the software which has its products as payroll, marketing, tax, point of sale, lending and accounting. So there is an advantage in owning these many parts of the products solely. Moreover, intuit does not use complex tools as it reduces the risk by using the easier one. Most of the products are already moved while some are in process of moving them into a cloud which has its first phase as moving them into cloud format. Second is the integration of these products into Quick Books Online. App online provider: Intuit also has a big market share in the US. It is also the most successful product of Intuit Quick Books. The current gaps and challenges faced by the users: According to maduqne (September 13, 2013), those who are using the computer application software face challenges. Some of those challenges encountered by the business enterprises are: Lack of security: the users are usually worried about the data and its security by third parties. Even though the security Norton software is believed to solve this issue, but when this happens there is nothing one can do about this issue (Brian Kerbs,2015). Lack of accuracy when software is outdated: Some of the accounting software is outdated and hence the outcomes tend to be usually inaccurate. By this system becomes inefficient and error occurs. Corrupted data is a serious concern in the accounting software which will derive false conclusions. Challenges of customization: some of the software has complex system and is difficult to understand by the users of such computerized accounting. Moreover, the customization cannot be done on some of the designed software according to preferences of the users. This way it comes out to be a challenge for them. Lack of structures according to the cost: some of the accounting software is more expensive with respect to its price. In order to be the have new features users always want to have the upgraded version or will have to switch to software for further usage. Inefficient speed of accessing software/packages: With the lack of speed of the network servers which are used for running the accounting software the delay can happen. Reasons can be the distance to location of processors and poor connections. Subsequently this leads to challenges which are faced by the users in using accounting software/packages. Despite of being so helpful, these are the current gaps and challenges of accounting software faced by its users. References: Kepes, B., (2014), Xero and Intuit provide enough fireworks 4 July show, Available at URL: https://www.forbes.com/sites/benkepes/2014/12/01/david-versus-goliath-xero-and-intuit-provide-enough-fireworks-for-a-4th-of-july-show/#4d0c674b43ff [retrieved on: 6 January, 2017]. Heber, A., (2015), The cloud accounting supremacy in Australia, Available at URL: https://www.businessinsider.com.au/charts-the-battle-for-supremacy-in-australias-cloud-accounting-market-2015-4 [retrieved on: 6 January, 2017]. Kerbs, B., (2015), Turbo Taxs anti fraud efforts under scrutiny, Available at URL: https://krebsonsecurity.com/2015/02/turbotaxs-anti-fraud-efforts-under-scrutiny/ [retrieved on: 7 January, 2017]. Hutt, M., (2007), business marketing management: B2B , Ceneage learning, USA. Owen, G., (2015), Quick books accountants for 2015accounting, Ceneage learning, USA.

Gender factor in communication

The movie, ‘Some Like it Hot’, describes experiences of two main actors in a straining economy faced by high rates of unemployment. The main characters, Joe and Jerry, are victims of economic recession living in debts.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Gender factor in communication specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In order to find jobs, the characters pretend to be females and are recruited in a female singing group. A gang attack on their group however renders them jobless before finding another job with a sinning group (Thoeren and Logan, 1959). Another gang attack leads to a deadly massacre though Jerry and Joe survives. Afraid of becoming victims of subsequent gang’s attacks, the duo further changes their identities while still assuming the female gender. Known as Josephine and Daphne, they are absorbed into another singing team under Sue’s identity. This team is also purely composed of females except Joe and Jerry who are presumed to be Josephine and Daphne. In their trip to Florida with the group, the two characters fall in love with Kane, also a member of the group. Their feelings are however restrained due to their assumed gender. At the same time, a millionaire identified as Osgood falls in love with Daphne. Joe, now guised as a real male millionaire approaches Kane while Jerry accepts Osgood’s proposal for marriage in the hope of having a share of his wealth. Another attack is witnessed and the four are forced flee to Osgood’s residence. Joe reveals his identity to Kane and admits to her that he is not good enough to be with her. Jerry also reveals his real gender to Osgood (Thoeren and Logan, 1959). Summary One of the major themes in the movie is gender factor in communication. Emphasis on context of a communication for example illustrates difference in communication between men and women. Men for instance put more interest and attachment o n facts in a communication while women’s major interest is development of a more passionate and long term relationship.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Another concept that distinguishes communication in gender is the form of language used in communication. Provisions for equality in treatment characterize men’s language while women are predominantly caring in their communication (Barrett and Davidson, 2006). These concepts are well defined in the film through its major characters, Joe, Jerry, Kane and Osgood. Females’ caring and intention for developing relations are for instance exhibited by Kean’s response to Joe’s revelation of his identity and gender. She remains passionate to him. Osgood on the other hand tries to impose marriage on Daphne and dismisses the whole encounter when Daphne’s identity is revealed (Paludi, 2008; Thoeren an d Logan, 1959). A number of theories also explain differences in behavior and communication between males and females as illustrated in the play. Biological theories for example explain that gender based cells and organs influences different behavior and responses of men and women. Similarly, psychodynamic theories explain that men and women develop different interactive behavior based on the social environment that brings them up. As a result, men in a given society will have a defined communication approach that is from women in the same society because of factors such as gender roles (Wood, 2010). These theories are exhibited in the play through the main character’s developed idea that their chances of survival in the society are higher if they disguise themselves as women (Thoeren and Logan, 1959). References Barrett, M., and Davidson, M. (2006). Gender and communication at work. London, UK: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. Paludi, M. (2008). The Psychology of Women at Work: Care er liberation, history, and the new millennium. West Port, CT: ABC-CLIOAdvertising We will write a custom essay sample on Gender factor in communication specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Thoeren, R. and Logan, M. (1959). Some like it hot. film Wood, J. (2010). Gendered Lives: Communication, Gender, and Culture. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning This essay on Gender factor in communication was written and submitted by user Bennett Carver to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Management of Halliburton

Management of Halliburton Free Online Research Papers Individual Management Planning: Halliburton This paper will discuss the planning function of management of Halliburton. Within this paper I will analyze the impact that legal issues, ethics, and corporate social responsibility has had on management planning, and the three factors that I believe influence the company’s strategic, tactical, operational, and contingency planning. Halliburton has had a great deal of legal issues that have been dealt with since the beginning of the operation. Political influence has also played a big part within the Halliburton franchise. First I would like to show some insight into Halliburton was started and founded. Halliburton was founded in 1919, by a man named Erle P. Halliburton. He started the company in Duncan, Oklahoma by borrowing a wagon, a team of mules, and a pump. He built a wooden box and started an oil well cementing business. Today Halliburton employs more than 50,000 people in approximately 70 countries (Halliburton, 2009). In 1926 Halliburton took the initial steps in becoming a worldwide organization by selling five cementing units to an English company, which was the start of the Eastern Hemisphere. After that Erle’s brothers were sent to Canada to open a business there as well. Halliburton expanded to Venezuela in 1940, and by 1946 they had expanded into Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and the Middle East. Other franchises of Halliburton have been started and opened all over the globe. When evaluating the planning function of management I have noticed that by being stationed all over the globe, Halliburton has many different departments tailored specifically for the geographical area that the company is in. Each place that Halliburton is located is an office for that location. Halliburton’s main office was in Houston, Texas but they have relocated their headquarters to Dubai, which is in the Middle East country. Halliburton holds annual planning processes for improving HSE and Service Quality. The performance Improvement Initiative (PII) was introduced in 1997 and helps to ensure organizational alignment. â€Å"The PII includes a review of past performance, and assessment of currently available tools, and the development of objectives and strategies for continuous global improvement† (Halliburton, Introduction). In the planning function within the Halliburton organization, the company also incorporates risk identification, risk control, and contingency plans. Incorporating these risk control factors allows the company to control and mitigate risk. Their planning function incorporates the company mission and vision into strategy and action plans that responds to customer wants and needs. The planning function of Halliburton has allowed the company to expand and grow into a multibillion dollar company today. Without planning and using the strategies Halliburton would not have made it in the world today. The planning function includes â€Å"What, why, when, where and how to do it. Who is responsible for what and who to interact with, how to know that we have done it right, and how to make it better† (Correia,P; Lastra, E; Nino, J.M.). The impact that legal issues, ethics, and corporate social responsibility have had on management planning within Halliburton have been tremendous. During the company’s process of having the headquarters stationed in Houston, TX the organization was not happy about having to pay such high taxes or even any taxes to speak of. Therefore, the company relocated to Dubai. Dubai is located in the Middle East, Saudi Arabia. The reason for the relocate was to avoid paying their fair share of taxes. By moving the headquarters here and the CEO and other top executives the company can argue â€Å"a portion of its profits should be attributed to the no – tax jurisdiction† (Cray, C.). Dick Cheney has also had a big impact on the issues surrounding the management planning. Dick Cheney was appointed CEO from 1995 to 2000 and Halliburton’s revenue from the federal government contracts almost doubled. Cheney used his political influence to bring in government contra cts. This has impacted planning within Halliburton because of the issues they are now dealing with. There stocks have fallen and with Cheney’s departure the company share prices started to sink. Halliburton had to initiate the PPI in order to keep things afloat while Cheney was there and even more so after he left. Another legal issue that has impacted the planning function of management would be not keeping honest records of their sales and costs from 1998 to 2001. Halliburton expected workers to keep fraudulent records to make the company look more profitable than it was to keep share prices high. This has led to the company having to do quarterly reports to see where the company is. Halliburton has been investigated by the Securities and Exchange Commission and by the Justice Department for making fraudulent records and the company has even paid out $7,500,000 and never admitted any wrong doing. Halliburton has paid out millions of dollars to make the lawsuits disappear a nd not make headlines for a great deal of time so that the stock prices stayed up and they would not lose their shareholders. â€Å"In 2001 a court ordered the company to pay $130,000,000 and the decision was kept secret. When the judgment later became public the company’s stock price dropped forty -two percent† (Outen, Gwen, 2004). The examples I can provide for the ethics would be that Dick Cheney was involved with Halliburton and used his political influence to secure federal and government contracts. This is very unethical for an organization to do. If the organization cannot secure the contracts without the influence of the political aspects then they should have not received the contracts to begin with. The legal issues would be that the organization did not pay their fair share of the taxes and relocated to avoid paying them. Another example would be that they falsified the books in order to look more profitable then what they were. The social responsibility I would have to say would be the relocation to avoid paying the taxes. They are avoiding social responsibility here by not paying the taxes that are due. Instead the company has set up off shore accounts in the Cayman Islands so that the money they receive on contracts completed cannot be taxed by the government in the United States. This money that is in the Cayman Islands accounts does not have a corporate tax and the United States cannot impose a tax on money that is not here (Cray, C.). The three factors that influence the company’s strategic, tactical, operational, and contingency planning would be shareholders, growth in customer satisfaction, and stock price, without these three factors Halliburton would not be the company they are today. Halliburton is a Fortune 500 company and the ownership status is that the company is publicly traded. The shareholders help with keeping the company operational along with the growth and customer satisfaction of their work. The stock prices determine the planning that will take place and where the company needs to go and how to get there. These three factors I believe are the most important regardless of what organization it is. Without these three factors the company would not be able to stay afloat as customers, shareholders, and stock prices allow the public and the company to know where they are and where they are going. Halliburton may have done some things that are unethical, immoral, and have raised some legal issues but they are the second largest oil services company in the world (Outen, G., 2004). The management planning that has been implemented has helped Halliburton and this has made them see that making fraudulent claims to raise their stocks has only caused legal issues. Chuck Dominy, Halliburton’s vice president for government affairs said it best â€Å"We are the only company in the United States that had the kind of systems in place, people in place, contracts in place, to do that kind of thing† (Cray, C., 2004). With the new planning system in place Halliburton may see their fair share of legal issues again but they will survive and continue to keep thriving and profiting in today’s economy. References Correia, P.; Edgardo, L.; Nino, J.M. (no date). Halliburton management system: Lessons learned during deployment and implementation. Retrieved July 1, 2009, from http://biblioteca.iapg.org.ar/iapg/ArchivosAdjuntos/CongresodeCalidad/089.pdf Cray, Charles. (no date). CorpWatch. Holding corporations accountable. Retrieved July 1, 2009, from corpwatch.org.article.php?list=typetype=15printsafe=1 Cray, Charles. (2004). Dissecting Bush. Bush administration policies under the microscope. Retrieved July 1, 2009, from http://multinationalmonitor.org/mm2004/05012004/may-june04corp1.html Halliburton. (2009). History of Halliburton. Retrieved July 1, 2009, from halliburton.com/aboutus/PrintPreview.aspx?navid=970pageid=2312 Halliburton, (no date). Introduction. Doing the right thing. Retrieved July 1, 2009, from halliburton.com/public/tttcp/contents/Books_and_Cataloge/web/ServiceTools/H03280_intro.pdf Outen, Gwen. (2004, August). Economics Report. Halliburton’s legal troubles. Retrieved July 1, 2009, from voanews.com/specialenglish/archive/2004-08/a-204-08-13-2-1.cfm?renderforp Research Papers on Management of HalliburtonThe Project Managment Office SystemLifes What IfsMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalPETSTEL analysis of IndiaMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever Product

Preventing Falls in Long Term Care Setting Essay

Preventing Falls in Long Term Care Setting - Essay Example This study explores the prevalence and significance of falls in the long term care setting before discussing five nursing interventions that can be instituted to manage the problem. This is followed by an appraisal of the anticipated outcomes after implementation of the five strategies. The study draws from Registered Nurses’ Association of Ontario (RNAO) Best Practice Guideline (BPG) and a number of peer reviewed scholarly articles. The Prevalence and Significance of falls in the Long Term Care Setting According to McCarthy, Adedokun and Fairchild (2011) present statistics that capture the seriousness of falls in the long term care setting. A nursing home containing 100 beds reports between 100 and 200 falls among the residents annually. Elderly patients in the long term care setting are three times as likely to experience falls in comparison to their community-dwelling counterparts. The scholars’ report further state that falls are the leading cause of fatal and non-f atal injuries to individuals over the age of 65. RNAO (2005) reports 84.8% of all hospital injury admissions of individuals above the age of 65 are the result of falling. One in ten of emergency room visits among the elderly arises due to serious falls, while the incidences increase proportionately to age. Ferris (2008) attributes the disparity between long term care residents and community dwellers to the likelihood of having more comorbidities and advanced levels of diseases such as dementia. The significance of falls in the long term care setting is further underpinned by the contribution of falls to morbidity and mortality, decline in functional disposition and depression among other impacts on the elderly. Another perspective of the issue shows that a good number of falls may go unreported, which limits the capacity of data seekers to correctly capture the contribution of falls to elderly residents’ morbidity and mortality. Falls potentially cause more serious impacts an d implications than the grim statistics presented. Thus, falls in the long term care setting are an issue of great significance in case the outcomes of long term care settings are to improve. Nursing Interventions to Prevent Falls in the Long Term Care Setting The seriousness of the issue of falls among residents of long term care homes makes it necessary to institute evidence-based and informed prevention strategies. The Registered Nurses’ Association of Ontario (RNAO) Best Practice Guideline (BPG) provides evidence-based strategies to prevent falls and thus will be the focus of this study. The first prevention strategy entails sensitizing the residents on the importance of vitamin D supplementation among other dietary, lifestyle and treatment choices for osteoporosis (RNAO, 2005). There exists sufficient evidence showing that decline in bone density among the elderly is directly associated to increased risk of falls. Elderly patients may have higher risks of vitamin D defic iency due to limited exposure to sunlight and skin changes associated with ageing. Bischoff-Ferrari et al. (2009) support RNAO’s position through their study indicating that vitamin D supplementation significantly reduces patient’s risks of falling. Their meta-analytic evidence indicates a reduction of 22% in falls among patients in the healthcare setting. The second prevention strategy involves assessing and modifying the long term care setting environment as a component of fall prevention strate

Project Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 3

Project Management - Essay Example Earliest Finish Time (EFT) = Earliest Start Time (EST) + Duration Latest Start Time (LST) is calculated by adding float to LST of the critical activity in the group. Latest Start Time (LFT) = Latest Start Time (EST) of critical activity + total float Latest Finish Time (LFT) is calculated by adding duration to LST of the activity. Latest Finish Time (LFT) = Latest Start Time (LST) + Duration Total Float is calculated by subtracting The Earliest Start time (EST) and duration from Latest Finish Time (LFT). Total float = LFT - EST - duration 2) Explain how you determined the project duration and the critical path In order to calculate the project duration, we first need to identify critical path. A critical path is the one that holds series of dependable activities which as whole gives the longest time to complete the project and these activities within critical path are called critical activities. In other words, it is series of activities with â€Å"Zero total Float† (Newell, 2 005). ... Time Required Immediate Predecessor Activities EST EFT LFT LST (days) A 4 - 0 4 4 0 B 5 A 4 9 12 7 C 4 A 4 8 12 8 D 8 A 4 12 12 4 E 6 A 4 10 12 6 F 2 A 4 6 12 10 G 13 B,C,D,E,F 12 25 25 12 H 8 G 25 33 33 25 I 7 H 33 40 40 33 J 6 H 33 39 40 34 K 8 I,J 40 48 48 40 L 13 K 48 61 61 48 M 9 L 61 70 70 61 N 4 M 70 74 74 70 O 5 B 9 14 86 81 P 12 N 74 86 86 74 Q 2 O,P 86 88 88 86 PROJECT DURACTION 88 DAYS    Critical Path 3) If the project starts on the Monday 7 January 2013, what is the earliest date it can be completed using a 5 working day week? Assume no holidays. If the project starts on the Monday 7 January 2013 On the basis of 88 days of total project duration, the earliest date when the project can be completed is the 8th of May, 2013. The date is calculated by counting 88 days from 7 January, 2013 excluding Saturday and Sunday. 4) If the following happened what would be the effect on the duration of the whole project? a) Activity B is delayed 1 day. Activity B is not a critical act ivity and has total float of 3 days, 1 day delay during activity B will not affect the duration of the whole project. b) Activity P is delayed 1 day. As activity P it is a critical activity, a 1 day delay during activity P will increase the duration of the whole project by 1 day, thereby making it to 89 days. c) Activity O is delayed 2 day. Activity B is not a critical activity and has a total float of 72 days, 1 day delay during activity B will not affect the duration of the whole project. 5) Limitations of network diagrams The main limitation of a Network diagram is: do not clearly show time line for a project, it is difficult to update, do not lead to easy distribution and the tools can be expensive to acquire. TASK 2 Abstract The project management main goal is delivering a project

Are actors and professional athletes paid too much Essay - 1

Are actors and professional athletes paid too much - Essay Example Perhaps the life of glamor experienced by such individuals does not do much to dispel this argument. Among athletes idolized in terms of payments include Arnold Schwarzenegger; a former bodybuilder later turned actor and a governor of California. Arnold, who is better known for his roles in Conan the Barbarian and the Terminator and the Expendables, is rumored to be among those that are highly paid in the industry. What is interesting is that he has lived in both sides of the acting and athlete jobs. Others include Dwayne â€Å"the rock† Johnson, who rose to fame as a professional wrestler with WWE. According to the Hollywood Reporter Magazine, actors such as Robert Downey Jr. and Sandra Bullock top the list when it comes to payments. Downey Jr’s $ 75 million emanates from his 7 percent slice in Iron Man # and a whopping $12 million from HTC endorsement deal. However, before we roast actors and actresses due to their salaries, we should know that there seems to be some discrimination among the big stars and those not considered as big stars. â€Å"When you a big star, you get well paid, with the middle being cut out,† one top agent commented on the Hollywood Reporter magazine. So much so that, Leornardo DiCaprio earned $25 million for the hit movie The Wolf of Wall Street with co-star Jonah Hill only managing $600000. What’s more is that DiCaprio even got nominated for an Oscar because of his â€Å"troubles.† According to Hollywood Life, The Big Bang Theory Fans are â€Å"outraged† over the multi-million deal lead actors Jim Parsons, Kaley Cuoco-Sweeting, and Johnny Galecki have signed with CBC. What’s funny is that one would normally presume that fans would be thrilled by the news that their favorite sitcom actors would be bagging more. â€Å"Prior to the reported new deal, each actor was earning $350000. The trio has now tripled their paychecks having signed on for three

Effects of Macroeconomic Policies upon a Single Organization

Effects of Macroeconomic Policies upon a Single Organization Understanding the Tree by Knowing the Forest The analogy of the forest and the trees is particularly apt in illustrating the difference between macro- and micro-economic areas of concern. Whereas microeconomics ‘operates’ at the level of the individual firm, manufacturer or even individual consumers, macroeconomics is principally concerned with the national or even global aggregate issues of these entities. In other words, if single firm is a tree, macroeconomics is concerned with the policies that ‘drive’ the forest. Thus, it must be kept in mind, the goals of the tree may not always be furthered by following the governance of the forest. Similarly, the policies that are best for the forest may not be in the best interests of any one tree. Utilizing this perspective, a brief examination shall be made of how macroeconomic â€Å"forest† policy might affect a single organizational â€Å"tree†. Depending on semantics and the exact metric utilized The YMCA is arguably the world’s largest human service organization. This nonprofit organization was founded in 1844 in London and rapidly spread across the world, now being active in over 140 countries. In the United States the YMCA has approximate 2,500 branches with nearly 20,000,000 members. Each of these operating units is independently governed by a local board of directors who hires the CEO. This position runs is the operations end of the business and is immediately responsible for the hiring of all other employees. Some operating units are quite small, perhaps having less than 10 employees while others have several hundred or more. Financial impact of a unit, in terms of projected revenue, could range from less than one hundred thousand dollars to nearly $100,000,000 (personal communication, J. Bean, retired YMCA Senior Director, October 6, 2005). One of the key concerns of macroeconomic policy is to maintain optimal employment levels (Keifer 1999, p. 59). While the wage policies of a single organization are very unlikely to affect the forest, a minimum wage policy does certainly affect individual organizations. On October 1, 1996, the US minimum wage increased from $3.85 to $4.75 per hour and increased again effective September 1, 1997 to $5.15 per hour (US Department of Labor, 2005). Though businesses had months to consider and adjust, the net effect, in the end, was that a 34% wage increase was evidenced. In an organization such as a YMCA unit, this had the potential of having serious consequences as there are a number of operating parameters different from many other businesses: The YMCA is a nonprofit organization. – While still being run as a â€Å"business†, the operating margins of nonprofit firms are typically much slimmer†¦ there are no real â€Å"profit margins†, there are no dividends or bonus and there is no excessive executive compensation. The YMCA employs and extensive part-time work force. – Many of these individuals are either entry-level or accept entry level wages. The YMCA is a service driven organization. – In many private sector businesses, firms get very nervous if total personnel costs exceed 30% of budgeted expenses. In a YMCA, depending on the exact program mix in a specific community, it is not uncommon to see human resource costs occupying 60% of the budget. With these factors in mind, it is easy to see how increases in minimum wage can disproportionately affect the bottom-line of service driven organizations. In 1996 or in 2005 (were their to be additional increases), there are but a number or strategies to be deployed. First, one can make ‘budget cuts’ and trim service levels. For a nonprofit meeting the needs of the community, this is generally unacceptable. A second solution is to increase the efficiency of human assets so that you are doing more with less. For example, if one had 10 employees at minimum wage ($5.25/hour) for an hourly expense of $55.25, the goal would now be to somehow â€Å"re-engineer† the process so that only six employees are required. This approach is a good one†¦ in the long run. In the short run, additional funds must be invested, often in technology, so that workers efforts are leveraged to a greater extent. Also, a potential problem with this solution is that many YMCA programs invo lve youth for which there a either government or organizational policies in regards to staffing ratios (i.e., in infant childcare programs, the ratio must not exceed one staff to four children). A third option is to increase revenue to cover the additional expense. In a YMCA, this can be achieved two ways: Increase earned revenue by increasing program fees. In this situation, increases would likely be tolerated as there is a bona fida increase in the cost of doing business. Increase contributed income by philanthropy. Faced with increasing operating costs and a compelling need for a program service, donors are often quite willing to help out a benevolent organization who demonstrates principles of good stewardship with existing assets. While employment policies are one example, the field of macroeconomic policies is one in which there is seemingly no such thing as an isolated variable. Increases in minimum wage policy are likely to trigger inflation (Knoop 2004, p. 39). Inflation, in turn, increases the cost of doing business, particularly as the cost commodity goods such as gas, oil, electricity and water increase. Again, the same three strategies present themselves to the operators of enterprise. A final example of how macroeconomic policies can impact the organization in question is that of federal monetary policy. While a nonprofit organization does not play the market per se, money is often borrowed for capital projects. A loose fiscal policy will drive interest rates down, creating opportune times for consideration of borrowing funds. A related consideration is the overall tone of the market. As nonprofit organizations are often the beneficiary of financial instruments, the specific tax advantages set by federal fiscal policy have an effect upon the generosity of some donors. In summary, the politics of the forest have a tremendous effect upon the trees. While the policies may, in the short run, create mild operational havoc, we must have some faith that the forest has our best interests at heart as a strong forest is better for all trees. Works Consulted Knopp, T. (2004). Recessions and Depressions: Understanding Business Cycles. Praeger: Westport, Connecticut, US. United States Department of Labor. (2005). History of Changes the Minimum Wage Law. [online] http://www.dol.gov/esa/minwage/coverage.htm. Accessed October 6, 2005.

Graduation Speech: Always Follow Your Dreams :: Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

I'd like to start out by saying that I am truly honored to speak here today and thank you to my class for choosing me. From the day I first stepped into the learning world of Mrs. Jacobson's kindergarten class spotting tons of building blocks and crayons until the day I walked out of Mr. Fulton's class with memories of burning gummy bears and rubber corks stuck in his ceiling, the majority of my life has been consumed by school. I thought it would never end. Do you know how long we've been in school? Thirteen years and 181 days for each year. That's 2,353 days or 14,118 hours or 847,080 minutes or 50,824,800 seconds. Good lord!!! That's a long time. Why would anyone do this? And half our class probably has scoliosis from teachers loading our backpacks with 75 pounds of books. That's hard to do. I think modern schooling is trying to rise a generation of Quazi Motos. But these 12 years of schooling have provided all of us with memories. Growing up in the community of Murry we are left with a variety of good times and bad times. In intermediate school, you thought it was the end of the world if you were beat by a girl in tetherball or you'd start crying when you lost all your pogs in an intense pog tournament at one of our three recesses. The times that have left positive feelings towards my many years of schooling would have to include watching Mr. Patterson singing the Fig Newton jingle, or watching our Falcon football team destroy Lakewood this year in our Homecoming football game. Or what about the time when Coach Davis, our head basketball coach, went a whole game with his zipper being undone? But my fondest memory of Murry is remembering Mr. Johnson on my first day of freshman year. He had such a lovely full head of hair, but since the class of 2003 has came through, it has gotten a little thinner and a little grayer. These types of memories have shaped us and made us grow into the powerful young adults we are today. Now we're sitting here ready to tackle the challenges of the real world. Graduation is not an end, but more of a rendezvous point from where we go our separate ways. The only thing that lies ahead is the future. Dreams and goals are what push us to be better and what have gotten us here.

Literary Output of Filipinos are not Book Lovers Essay

Introduction: Reading is an important study skill and an important tool for becoming a good person but Philippines is actually not a nation of book lovers unlike in Japan. In Japan, most bookshops seemed to be the most popular feature of practically every street block. Body: Reading a book is becoming an unpopular activity among Filipinos right now unlike before. The problem is Filipino writers are mostly not appreciated by us. We don’t even talked about them in our conversations. Compared to London’s Virginia Woolf, one of the most Popular author/writer, almost all of her works were sold out in every bookstore in London. And in some instances, her works were one of the best sellers ang being talked about in London. Here in the Philippines, you can count those Filipinos that will go to store just to buy a book and enjoy being alone reading a book. Filipinos hate solitudes. Reading a book requires patience, time and even endurance in order to understand every chapter and it will really take a lot of time finishing it . Unlike in watching a movie, it can be done for only an hour or two. But as you can see, reading a book is much better than watching it in movie because in movie not all the details from the book are there. Conclusion: We prefer watching cinemas and hanging out   with friends, instead of going to library and read a book. Like in our schools today, they used visual aids to catch our attentions like power point presentations. I can say that Filipinos love entertainment because for us, it is more interesting. Definition of Terms Book – a division of a literary work Commiseration – to sympathize Primitive – being the first or early of the kind Solitude – loneliness Horrid – extremely disagreeable

Powerful Tactics That Will Increase Conversion Rates With Lance Jones

Powerful Tactics That Will Increase Conversion Rates With Lance Jones How are your conversion rates? Are you getting qualified leads? To drive value for your company, you need to convert audience members to customers. If you think you need help, you do. Today, we’re talking to Lance Jones, director of marketing at ReCharge, which helps its customers sell subscriptions on their Shopify stores. Lance shares powerful tactics to help you increase conversion rates. ReCharge’s biggest marketing challenges; from distractions to lack of patience Combining conversion rate optimization and audience language to communicate effectively Connecting with customers by using their words and phrases in your copywriting Formulas and techniques for successful conversion copywriting, including problem/agitation/solution (PAS) Building partnerships and relationships with niche businesses; knowing your target customer and their pain points to offer solutions Providing value back to partners by understanding their business and offering services/tools to solve problems Building trust by educating and teaching customers how to do something Focusing on a new niche; it’s difficult to commit to going narrow Links: ReCharge Joanna Wiebe and Copywriting Formulas Jesse Mecham YNAB MetaLab Flow AMP on iTunes leave a review and send screenshot to podcast@.com If you liked today’s show, please subscribe on iTunes to The Actionable Content Marketing Podcast! The podcast is also available on SoundCloud, Stitcher, and Google Play. Quotes by Lance: â€Å"The biggest challenge istrying to remain free of distractions.† â€Å"As marketers, we are too close to our products.† â€Å"Pretty much every aspect of marketing involves words.†

Merendar Conjugation in Spanish, Translation, and Examples

Merendar Conjugation in Spanish, Translation, and Examples The Spanish verb merendar means to snack or to have a snack. It is similar to verbs like desayunar, almorzar, and cenar because the verb itself tells you what meal you are having. In the case of merendar, it can be a small snack anytime during the day, but in some cultures it can refer to an afternoon coffee or tea time, usually accompanied by a small snack, or to the meal eaten during a snack break at school. Another way to say merendar is comer una merienda (to eat a snack). Merendar is a stem-changing -ar verb. This means that in some conjugations where the second e of the stem is part of a stressed syllable, the e changes to ie. This is similar to other stem-changing verbs such as querer. This article includes merendar conjugations in the indicative mood (present, past, conditional, and future), the subjunctive mood (present and past), the imperative mood, and other verb forms. Merendar Present Indicative In the present indicative, the stem change e to ie occurs in all the conjugations except nosotros and vosotros. Yo meriendo I snack Yo meriendo a media maà ±ana. Tà º meriendas You snack Tà ºmeriendaspor la tarde. Usted/à ©l/ella merienda You/he/she snacks Ella meriendapan con queso. Nosotros merendamos We snack Nosotros merendamos a la hora del cafà ©. Vosotros merendis Yousnack Vosotros merendis fruta para mantener la dieta. Ustedes/ellos/ellas meriendan You/they snack Ellos meriendandos veces al dà ­a en la escuela. Merendar Preterite Indicative There is no stem change in the preterite tense. Yo merendà © I snacked Yo merendà © a media maà ±ana. Tà º merendaste You snacked Tà ºmerendastepor la tarde. Usted/à ©l/ella merendà ³ You/he/she snacked Ella merendà ³pan con queso. Nosotros merendamos We snacked Nosotros merendamos a la hora del cafà ©. Vosotros merendasteis Yousnacked Vosotros merendasteis fruta para mantener la dieta. Ustedes/ellos/ellas merendaron You/they snacked Ellos merendarondos veces al dà ­a en la escuela. Merendar Imperfect Indicative There are no stem changes in the imperfect tense. The imperfect can be translated to English as was snacking or used to snack. Yo merendaba I used to snack Yo merendaba a media maà ±ana. Tà º merendabas Youused to snack Tà ºmerendabaspor la tarde. Usted/à ©l/ella merendaba You/he/she used to snack Ella merendabapan con queso. Nosotros merendbamos We used to snack Nosotros merendbamos a la hora del cafà ©. Vosotros merendabais Youused to snack Vosotros merendabais fruta para mantener la dieta. Ustedes/ellos/ellas merendaban You/they used to snack Ellos merendabandos veces al dà ­a en la escuela. Merendar Future Indicative There are no stem changes in the future indicative, since its conjugation includes the whole infinitive merendar. Yo merendarà © I will snack Yo merendarà © a media maà ±ana. Tà º merendars You will snack Tà ºmerendarspor la tarde. Usted/à ©l/ella merendar You/he/she will snack Ella merendarpan con queso. Nosotros merendaremos We will snack Nosotros merendaremos a la hora del cafà ©. Vosotros merendarà ©is Youwill snack Vosotros merendarà ©is fruta para mantener la dieta. Ustedes/ellos/ellas merendarn You/they will snack Ellos merendarndos veces al dà ­a en la escuela. Merendar Periphrastic  Future Indicative   Yo voy a merendar I am going to snack Yo voya merendar a media maà ±ana. Tà º vasa merendar You are going to snack Tà ºvasa merendar por la tarde. Usted/à ©l/ella vaa merendar You/he/she is going tosnack Ella vaa merendar pan con queso. Nosotros vamosa merendar We are going to snack Nosotros vamosa merendar a la hora del cafà ©. Vosotros vaisa merendar Youare going tosnack Vosotros vaisa merendar fruta para mantener la dieta. Ustedes/ellos/ellas vana merendar You/they are going tosnack Ellos vana merendar dos veces al dà ­a en la escuela. Merendar Present Progressive/Gerund Form The present progressive is formed with the present participle or gerund. Present Progressive ofMerendar est merendando Is snacking Ella est merendando pan con queso. Merendar Past Participle The present perfect is formed with the verb haber and the past participle. Present Perfect of Merendar ha merendado Has snacked Ella ha merendado pan con queso. Merendar Conditional Indicative There are no stem changes in the conditional tense, since it also uses the whole infinitive merendar. Yo merendarà ­a I would snack Yo merendarà ­a a media maà ±ana si tuviera hambre. Tà º merendarà ­as You would snack Tà ºmerendarà ­aspor la tarde pero no tienes tiempo. Usted/à ©l/ella merendarà ­a You/he/she would snack Ella merendarà ­apan con queso si no estuviera a dieta. Nosotros merendarà ­amos We would snack Nosotros merendarà ­amos a la hora del cafà ©, pero nos da hambre ms temprano. Vosotros merendarà ­ais Youwould snack Vosotros merendarà ­ais fruta para mantener la dieta, pero no os importa romperla. Ustedes/ellos/ellas merendarà ­an You/they would snack Ellos merendarà ­andos veces al dà ­a en la escuela si los maestros lo permitieran. Merendar Present Subjunctive Notice that in the present subjunctive the stem change e to ie occurs in all the conjugations except nosotros and vosotros, just like in the present indicative tense. Que yo meriende That I snack La maestra quiere que yo meriende a media maà ±ana. Que tà º meriendes That you snack Tu madre espera que tà º meriendes por la tarde. Que usted/à ©l/ella meriende That you/he/she snack La doctora recomienda que ella no meriende pan con queso. Que nosotros merendemos That we snack El jefe prefiere que nosotros merendemos a la hora del cafà ©. Que vosotros merendà ©is That you snack El nutricionista sugiere que vosotros merendà ©is fruta para mantener la dieta. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas merienden That you/they snack El padre quiere que ellos merienden dos veces al dà ­a en la escuela. Merendar Imperfect Subjunctive There are two different ways of conjugating the imperfect subjunctive. Neither option has a spelling change. Option 1 Que yo merendara That I snacked La maestra querà ­a que yo merendara a media maà ±ana. Que tà º merendaras That you snacked Tu madre esperaba que tà º merendaras por la tarde. Que usted/à ©l/ella merendara That you/he/she snacked La doctora recomendaba que ella no merendara pan con queso. Que nosotros merendramos That we snacked El jefe preferà ­a que nosotros merendramos a la hora del cafà ©. Que vosotros merendarais That you snacked El nutricionista sugerà ­a que vosotros merendarais fruta para mantener la dieta. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas merendaran That you/they snacked El padre querà ­a que ellos merendaran dos veces al dà ­a en la escuela. Option 2 Que yo merendase That I snacked La maestra querà ­a que yo merendase a media maà ±ana. Que tà º merendases That you snacked Tu madre esperaba que tà º merendases por la tarde. Que usted/à ©l/ella merendase That you/he/she snacked La doctora recomendaba que ella no merendase pan con queso. Que nosotros merendsemos That we snacked El jefe preferà ­a que nosotros merendsemos a la hora del cafà ©. Que vosotros merendaseis That you snacked El nutricionista sugerà ­a que vosotros merendaseis fruta para mantener la dieta. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas merendasen That you/they snacked El padre querà ­a que ellos merendasen dos veces al dà ­a en la escuela. Merendar Imperative The imperative mood is used to give commands. There are both positive and negative commands, some of which have the spelling change e to ie. Positive Commands Tà º merienda Snack!  ¡Merienda por la tarde! Usted meriende Snack!  ¡Meriende pan con queso! Nosotros merendemos Let's snack!  ¡Merendemos a la hora del cafà ©! Vosotros merendad Snack!  ¡Merendad fruta para mantener la dieta! Ustedes merienden Snack!  ¡Merienden dos veces al dà ­a en la escuela! Negative Commands Tà º no meriendes Don't snack!  ¡No meriendes por la tarde! Usted no meriende Don't snack!  ¡No meriende pan con queso! Nosotros no merendemos Let's not snack!  ¡No merendemos a la hora del cafà ©! Vosotros no merendà ©is Don't snack!  ¡No merendà ©is fruta para mantener la dieta! Ustedes no merienden Don't snack!  ¡No merienden dos veces al dà ­a en la escuela!

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Chinese Literature Essay 2000 by Andre Levy All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in. writing from the publisher. The Association of American University Presses Resolution on Permissions constitutes the only exception to this prohibition. The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39. 48-1984. Manufactured in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Levy, Andre, date [La litterature chinoise ancienne et classique. English] Chinese literature, ancient and classical / by Andre Levy ; translated by William H. Nienhauser, Jr. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 0-253-33656-2 (alk. paper) 1. Chinese literature—History and criticism. I. Nienhauser, William H. II. Title. PL2266. L48 2000 895. 109—dc21 99-34024 1 2 3 4 5 05 04 03 02 01 00. For my own early translators of French, Daniel and Susan Contents ix Preface 1 Introduction Chapter 1: Antiquity 5 I. Origins II. Let a hundred flowers bloom, Let a hundred schools of thought contend! 1. Mo zi and the Logicians 2. Legalism 3. The Fathers of Taoism III. The Confucian Classics 31 Chapter 2: Prose I. Narrative Art and Historical Records II. The Return of the Ancient Style III. The Golden Age of Trivial Literature IV. Literary Criticism Chapter 3: Poetry 61 I. The Two Sources of Ancient Poetry 1. The Songs of Chu 2. Poetry of the Han Court II. The Golden Age of Chinese Poetry 1. From Aesthetic Emotion to Metaphysical Flights 2. The Age of Maturity 3. The Late Tang III. The Triumph of Genres in Song Chapter 4: Literature of Entertainment: The Novel and Theater 105 I. Narrative Literature Written in Classical Chinese II. The Theater 1. The Opera-theater of the North 2. The Opera-theater of the South III. The Novel 1. Oral Literature 2. Stories and Novellas 3. The Long Novel or Saga Index 151 Translators Preface. I first became- interested in translating Andre Levys history of Chinese literature, La litterature chinoise ancienne et classique (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1991), in 1996, after finding it in a bookshop in Paris. I read sections and was intrigued by Professor Levys approach, which was modeled on literary genres rather than political eras. I immediately thought about translating parts of the book for my graduate History of Chinese Literature class at the University of Wisconsin, a class in which the importance of dynastic change was also downplayed. Like many plans, this one was set aside. Last spring, however, when the panel on our fields desiderata headed by David Rolston at the 1998 Association for Asian Studies Meeting pronounced that one of the major needs was for a concise history of Chinese literature in about 125 pages (the exact length of Professor Levys original text), I revived my interest in this translation. I proposed the book to John Gallman, Director of Indiana University Press, and John approved it almost immediately-but, not before warning me that this kind of project can take much more time than the translator originally envisions. Although I respect Johns experience and knowledge in publishing, I was sure I would prove the exception. After all, what kind of trouble could a little book of 125 pages cause? I soon found out. Professor Levy had originally written a much longer manuscript, which was to be published as a supplementary volume to Odile Kaltenmark-Ghequiers La Litterature chinoise (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1948) in the Que sais-je? (What Do I Know? ) series. This concept, however, was soon abandoned, and it Several decades ago Anne-Marie Geoghegan translated this volume as Chinese Literature (New York: Walker, 1964). x Translators Preface was decided to publish the Levy appendix as a separate volume-in 125 pages. Professor Levy was then asked to cut his manuscript by one-third. As a result, he was sometimes forced to presume in his audience certain knowledge that some readers of this book-for example, undergraduate students or interested parties with little background in Chinese literature-may not have. For this reason, working carefully with Professor Levy, I have added (or revived) a number of contextual sentences with these readers in mind. More information on many of the authors and works discussed in this history can be found in the entries in The Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature (volumes 1 and 2; Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986 and 1998). Detailed references to these entries and other relevant studies can be found in the Suggested Further Reading sections at the end of each chapter (where the abbreviated reference Indiana Companion refers to these two volumes). I also discovered that re-translating Professor Levys French translations of Chinese texts sometimes resulted in renditions that were too far from the original, even in this age of distance education. So I have translated almost all of the more than 120 excerpts of original works directly from the original Chinese, using Professor Levys French versions as a guide wherever possible. All this was done with the blessing and cooperation of the author. Indeed, among the many people who helped with this translation, I would like to especially thank Professor Andre Levy for his unflinching interest in and support of this translation. Professor Levy has read much of the English version, including all passages that I knew were problematic (there are no doubt others! ), and offered comments in a long series of letters over the past few months. Without his assistance the translation would never have been completed. Here in Madison, a trio of graduate students have helped me with questions Translators Preface xi about the Chinese texts: Mr. Cao Weiguo riftlal, Ms. Huang Shu—yuang MV and Mr. Shang Cheng I*. They saved me E, from innumerable errors and did their work with interest and high spirits. Mr. Cao also helped by pointing out problems in my interpretation of the original French. Mr. Scott W. Galer of Ricks College read the entire manuscript and offered a number of invaluable comments. My wife, Judith, was unrelenting in her demands on behalf of the general reader. The most careful reader was, however, Jane Lyle of Indiana University Press, who painstakingly copy-edited the text. If there is a literary style to this translation, it is due to her efforts. My thanks, too, to the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation which supported me in Berlin through the summer of 1997 when I first read Professor Levys text, and especially to John Gallman, who stood behind this project from the beginning. Madison, Wisconsin, 16 February 1999 (Lunar New Years Day) Chinese Literature, Ancient and Classical Introduction Could one still write, as Odile Kaltenmark-Ghequier did in 1948 in the What Do I Know series Number 296, which preceded this book, that the study of Chinese literature, long neglected by the Occident, is still in its  infancy? Yes and no. There has been some spectacular progress and some foundering. At any rate, beginning at the start of the twentieth century, it was Westerners who were the first-followed by the Japanese, before the Chinese themselves-to produce histories of Chinese literature. Not that the Chinese tradition had not taken note of an evolution in literary genres, but the prestige of wen 5 signifying both literature and civilization, placed it above history-anthologies, compilations, and catalogues were preferred. Moreover, the popular side of literature-fiction, drama, and oral verse-because of its lack of seriousness or its vulgarity, was not judged dignified enough to be considered wen. Our goal is not to add a new work to an already lengthy list of histories of Chinese literature, nor to supplant the excellent summary by Odile Kaltenmark-Ghequier which had the impossible task of presenting a history of Chinese literature in about a hundred pages. Our desire would be rather to complement the list by presenting the reader with a different approach, one more concrete, less dependent on the dynastic chronology. Rather than a history, it is a picture-inevitably incompleteof Chinese literature of the past that this little book offers. Chinese high literature is based on a hard core of classical training consisting of the memorization of texts, nearly a half-million characters for every candidate who reaches the highest competitive examinations. We might see the classical art of writing as the arranging, in an appropriate and astute fashion, of lines recalled by memory, something ,Odile Kaltenmark-Ghequier, Introduction, La litterature chinoise (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1948), p. 5; Que sais—je, no. 296. 2 Chinese Literature, Ancient and Classical that came almost automatically to traditional Chinese intellectuals. The goal of these writers was not solely literary. They hoped through their writings to earn a reputation that would help them find support for their efforts to pass the imperial civil-service examinations and thereby eventually win a position at court. Although there were earlier tests leading to political advancement, the system that existed nearly until the end of the imperial period in 1911 was known as the jinshi A ± or presented scholar examination (because successful candidates were presented to the emperor), and was developed during the late seventh and early eighth centuries A. D. It required the writing of poetry and essays on themes set by the examiners. Successful candidates were then given minor positions in the bureaucracy. Thus the memorization of a huge corpus of earlier literature and the ability to compose on the spot became the major qualifications for political office through most of the period from the eighth until the early twentieth centuries. These examinations, and literature in general, were composed in a classical, standard language comparable to Latin in the West. This classical language persisted by opposing writing to speech through a sort of partial bilingualism. The strict proscription of vulgarisms, of elements of the spoken language, from the examinations has helped to maintain the purity of classical Chinese. The spoken language, also labeled vulgar, has produced some literary monuments of its own, which were recognized as such and qualified as classics only a few decades ago. The unity of the two languages, classical and vernacular, which share the same fundamental structure, is undermined by grammars that are appreciably different, and by the fact that these languages hold to diametrically opposed stylistic ideals: lapidary concision on the one hand, and eloquent vigor on the other. We conclude by pointing out that educated Chinese add to their surnames, which are always given first, a great variety of personal names, which can be disconcerting at times. The standard given name (ming Introduction 3 is often avoided out of decorum; thus Tao Qian Miff is often referred to En We will retain only the by his zi (stylename) as Tao Yuanming best known of these names, avoiding hao at (literary name or nickname), bie hao ZIJM (special or particular literary name), and shi ming (residential name) whenever possible: When other names are used, the standard ming will be  given in parentheses. The goal here is to enable the reader to form an idea of traditional Chinese literature, not to establish a history of it, which might result in a lengthy catalogue of works largely unknown today. We are compelled to sacrifice quantity to present a limited number of literary stars, and to reduce the listing of their works to allow the citation of a number of previously unpublished translations, inevitably abridged but sufficient, we hope, to evoke the content of the original. The chronological approach will be handled somewhat roughly because of the need to follow the development of the great literary genres: after the presentation of antiquity, the period in which the common culture of the educated elite was established, comes an examination of the prose genres of high classical literature, then the description of the art most esteemed by the literati, poetry. The final section treats the literature of diversion, the most discredited but nonetheless highly prized, which brings together the novel and the theater. Chapter 1. Antiquity Ancient literature, recorded by the scribes of a rapidly evolving warlike and aristocratic society, has been carefully preserved since earliest times and has become the basis of Chinese lettered culture. It is with this in mind that one must approach the evolution of literature and its role over the course of the two-thousand-year-old imperial government, which collapsed in 1911, and attempt to understand the importance (albeit increasingly limited) that ancient literature retains today. The term antiquity applied to China posed no problems until certain Marxist historians went so far as to suggest that it ended only in 1919. The indigenous tradition had placed the break around 211 B. C. , when political unification brought about the establishment of a centralized but prefectural government under the Legalists, as well as the famous burning of books opposed to the Legalist state ideology. Yet to suggest that antiquity ended so early is to minimize the contribution of Buddhism and the transformation of thought that took place between the third and seventh centuries. The hypothesis that modernity began early, in the eleventh or perhaps twelfth century in China, was developed by Naito Konan NAM 1 (1866-1934). This idea has no want of critics or of supporters. It is opposed to the accepted idea in the West, conveyed by Marxism, that China, a living fossil, has neither entered modern times nor participated in the global civilization that started with the Opium War of 1840. Nor is there unanimity concerning the periodization proposed in historical linguistics, a periodization which distinguishes Archaic Chinese of High Antiquity (from the origins of language to the third century) from Ancient Chinese of Mid-Antiquity (sixth to twelfth centuries), then Middle Chinese of the Middle Ages (thirteenth-sixteenth centuries) from Modern Chinese (seventeenth-nineteenth centuries), and Recent Chinese (18401919) from Contemporary Chinese (1920 to the present). 6 Chinese Literature, Ancient and Classical. In the area of literature, the beginning of the end of antiquity could perhaps be placed in the second century A. D. Archaeology has elevated our knowledge of more ancient writings toward the beginning of the second millennium B. C. , but this archaic period, discovered recently, cannot be considered part of literary patrimony in the strictest sense. Accounts of this archaic period are traditionally divided into six eras,2 but to honor them would be to fall into the servitude of a purely chronological approach. I. Origins Since the last year of the last century, when Wang Yirong . 1. 6M (1845-1900) compiled the first collection of inscriptions written on bones and shells, the increasing number of archaeological discoveries has allowed the establishment of a corpus of nearly 50,000 inscriptions extending over the period from the fourteenth to the tenth centuries before our era. Dong Zuobin (1895-1963) proposed a periodization for them and distinguished within them the styles of different schools of scribes. Scholars have managed to decipher a third of the total of some 6,000 distinct signs, which are clearly related to the system of writing used by the Chinese today-these were certainly not primitive forms of characters. The oracular inscriptions are necessarily short-the longest known text, of a hundred or so characters, covers the scapula of an ox and extends even over the supporting bones; the shell of a southern species of the great tortoise, also used to record divination, did not offer a more extensive surface. Whether a literature existed at this ancient time seems rather doubtful, but this scriptural evidence causes one to consider whether eras are the early Chou dynasty (eleventh century-722 B. C. ), the Spring and Autumn era (722-481 B. C. ), the Warring States (481-256 B. C. ), the Chin dynasty (256-206 B. C. ), the Western or Early Han dynasty (206 B. C. -A. D. 6), and the Eastern or Latter Han dynasty (25-A. D. 220). 2These Chapter 1. Antiquity 7 the Shu jing Efg (Classic of Documents), supposedly revised by Confucius but often criticized as a spurious text, was based in part on authentic texts. The presence of an early sign representing a bundle of slips of wood or bamboo confirms the existence of a primitive form of book in a very ancient era-texts were written on these slips, which were then bound together to form a fascicle. The purpose of these ancient archives, which record the motivation for the diviners speech, his identity, and sometimes the result, has been ignored. Of another nature are the inscriptions on bronze that appeared in about the eleventh century B. C. and went out of fashion in the second century B.C. They attracted the attention of amateur scholars from the eleventh century until modern times. Many collections of inscriptions on stone and bronze have been published in the intervening eras. The longest texts extend to as much as five-hundred signs, the forms of which often seem to be more archaic than those of the inscriptions on bones and shells. The most ancient inscriptions indicate nothing more than the person to whom the bronze was consecrated or a commemoration of the name of the sponsor. Toward the tenth century B. C. the texts evolved from several dozen to as many as a hundred signs and took on a commemorative character. The inspiration for these simple, solemn texts is not always easily discernible because of the obscurities of the archaisms in the language. An echo of certain pieces transmitted by the Confucian school can be seen in some texts, but their opacity has disheartened many generations of literati. II. Let a hundred flowers bloom, Let a hundred schools of thought contend! This statement by Mao Zedong, made to launch a liberalization movement that was cut short in 1957, was inspired by an exceptional period in Chinese cultural history (from the fifth to the third centuries 8 Chinese Literature, Ancient and Classical B. C. ) in which there was a proliferation of schools-the hundred schools. The various masters of these schools offered philosophical, often political, discussion. The growth of these schools paralleled the rise of rival states from the time of Confucius (the Latinized version of the Chinese original, Kong Fuzi TL-T- or Master Kong, ca. 551-479 B.C. ) to the end of the Warring States period (221 B. C. ). The hundred schools came to an end with the unification of China late in the third century B. C. under the Legalist rule of the Qin dynasty (221-206 B. C. ). This era of freedom of thought and intellectual exchange never completely ceased to offer a model, albeit an unattainable model, in the search for an alternative to the oppressive ideology imposed by the centralized state. Much of what has reached us from this lost world was saved in the wake of the reconstruction of Confucian writings (a subject to which we will turn shortly). The texts of the masters of the hundred schools, on the periphery of orthodox literati culture, are of uneven quality, regardless of the philosophy they offer. Even the best, however, have not come close to dethroning the Chinese Socrates, Confucius, the first of the great thinkers, in both chronology and importance. 1. Mo Zi and the Logicians. The work known as Mo Zi (Master Mo) is a collection of the writings of a sect founded by Mo Di g, an obscure personage whom scholars have wanted to make a contemporary of Confucius. It has been hypothesized that the name Mo, ink, referred to the tattooing of  a convict in antiquity, and the given name, Di, indicates the pheasant feathers that decorated the hats of the common people. Although we can only speculate about whether Mo Zi was a convict or a commoner, he argued for a kind of bellicose pacifism toward aggressors, doing his best to promote, through a utilitarian process of reasoning, the necessity of believing in the gods and of practicing universal love without discrimination. Condemning the extravagant expense of funerals as well as the uselessness of art and music, Mo Zi Chapter 1. Antiquity 9 wrote in a style of discouraging weight. The work that has come down to us under his name (which appears to be about two-thirds of the original text) represents a direction which Chinese civilization explored without ever prizing. Mo Zis mode of argument has influenced many generations of logicians and sophists, who are known to us only in fragments, the main contribution of which has been to demonstrate in their curious way of argumentation peculiar features of the Chinese language. Hui Shi Ea is known only by the thirty-some paradoxes which the incomparable Zhuang Zi cites, without attempting to solve, as in: There is nothing beyond the Great Infinity.. . and the Small Infinity is not inside. The antinomies of reason have nourished Taoist thought, if not the other way around, as Zhuang Zi attests after the death of his friend Hui Shi: Zhuang Zi was accompanying a funeral procession. When he passed by the grave of Master Hui he turned around to say to those who were following him: A fellow from Ying had spattered the tip of his nose with a bit of plaster, like the wing of a fly. He had it removed by [his crony] the carpenter Shi, who took his ax and twirled it around. He cut it off, then heard a wind: the plaster was entirely removed without scratching his nose. The man from Ying had remained standing, impassive. When he learned of this, Yuan, the sovereign of the country of Song, summoned the carpenter Shih and said to him, Try then to do it again for Us. The carpenter responded, Your servant is capable of doing it; however, the material that he made use of died long ago. After the death of the Master, I too no longer can find the material: I no longer have anyone to talk to. (Zhuang Zi 24) Sons of the logicians and the sophists, the rhetoricians shared with the Taoists a taste for apologues. They opposed the Taoist solution of a 10 Chinese Literature, Ancient and Classical detached non-action, involved as they were in diplomatic combat. Held in contempt by the Confucians for their Machiavellianism, the Zhanguo ce Vg (Intrigues of the Warring States) remains the most representative work of the genre. It was reconstructed several centuries later by Liu Xiang gj 1-(4] (77-6 B. C. ), but the authenticity of these reassembled materials seems to have been confirmed by the discovery of parallel texts in a tomb at Mawang Dui gUttg in 1973. A great variety animates these accounts, both speeches and chronicles; they are rich in dialogue, which cannot be represented by this single, although characteristic, anecdote—it is inserted without commentary into the intrigues (or slips) of the state of Chu: The King of Wei offered the King of Chu a beautiful girl who gave him great satisfaction. Knowing how much the new woman pleased him, his wife, the queen, showed her the most intense affection. She chose clothes and baubles which would please her and gave them to her; it was the same for her with rooms in the palace and bed clothes. In short, she gratified her with more attention than the king himself accorded her. He congratulated her for it: a woman serves her husband through her carnal appeal, and jealousy is her nature. Now, understanding how I love the new woman, my wife shows her more love than I—it is thus that the filial son serves his parents, that the loyal servant fulfills his duties toward his prince. As she knew that the king did not consider her jealous, the queen suggested to her rival: The king appreciates your beauty. However, he is not that fond of your nose. You would do better to hide it when he receives you. Therefore, the new one did so when she saw His Majesty. The king asked his wife why his favorite hid her nose in his presence. She responded, I know. Even if it is unpleasant, tell me! insisted the king. She does not like your odor. The brazen hussy! cried the sovereign. Her nose is to be cut off, and let no one question my order! Chapter 1. Antiquity 11 The Yan Zi chunqiu *T-*V( (Springs and Autumns of Master Yen) is another reconstruction by Liu Xiang, a collection of anecdotes about Yan Ying RV, a man of small stature but great ability who was prime minister to Duke Jing of Qi (547-490 B.C. )-the state that occupies what is now Shandong. Without cynicism, but full of shrewdness, these anecdotes do not lack appeal; some have often been selected as anthology pieces, of which this one is representative: When Master Yan was sent as an ambassador to Chu, the people of the country constructed a little gate next to the great one and invited him to enter. Yan Zi refused, declaring that it was suitable for an envoy to a country of dogs, but that it was to Chu that he had come on assignment. The chamberlain had him enter by the great gate. The King of Chu received him and said to him: Was there then no one in Qi, for them to have sent you? How can you say there is no one in Qi, when there would be darkness in our capital of Linzi if the people of the three hundred quarters spread out their sleeves, and it would rain if they shook off their perspiration-so dense is the population. But then why have you been sent? The practice in Qi is to dispatch a worthy envoy to a worthy sovereign; I am the most unworthy. . . . 2. Legalism. The diplomatic manipulations and other little anecdotes we have seen in the Yan Zi chunqiu were of little interest to the Legalists, who took their name from the idea that the hegemonic power of the state is founded on a system of implacable laws supposing the abolition of hereditary privileges-indeed a tabula rasa that rejects morals and traditions. In fact, historians associate them with all thought that privileges efficacy. From this point of view, the most ancient Legalist would be the artisan of Qis hegemony in the seventh century B. C. , Guan Zi (Master Guan). The work that was handed down under his name is a composite text and in reality contains no material prior to the third century B. C. Whether or not he should be considered a Legalist, Guan Zi 12 Chinese Literature, Ancient and Classical embodies the idea that the power of the state lies in its prosperity, and this in turn depends on the circulation of goods. In sum, Guan Zi stands for a proto-mercantilism diametrically opposed to the primitive physiocraticism of Gongsun Yang (altV (also known as Shang Yang ), minister of Qin in the fourth century. Shang jun shu 1 (The 2 Book of Lord Shang), which is attributed to Gongsun Yang, gives the Legalist ideas a particularly brutal form: It is the nature of people to measure that which is advantageous to them, to seize the best, and to draw to themselves that which is profitable. The enlightened lord must take care if he wants to establish order in his country and to be able to turn the population to his advantage, for the population has at its disposal a great number of means to avoid the strictness that it fears. Within the country he must cause the people to consecrate themselves to farming; without he must cause them to be singly devoted to warfare. This is why the order of a sage sovereign consists of multiplying interdictions in order to prevent infractions and relying on force to put an end to fraud. (Shang jun shu, Suan di) Shang Yangs prose is laden with archaisms, which hardly lighten the weight of his doctrine. It is in the work of Han Fei Zi 4-T- (ca. 280-233) that Legalism found its most accomplished formulation. The book Han Fei Zi contains a commentary on the Classic of the Way and of Power of Lao Zi in which the ideal of Taoist non-action is realized by the automatism of laws. The artifice of the latter may go back to the Confucianism of Xun Zi (Master Xun, also known as Xun Qing ,Ajja, ca. 300-230 B. C. ), a school rejected by orthodox Confucianism. Xun Zi, who happens to have been the teacher of Han Fei Zi, developed the brilliant theory that human nature inclines individuals to satisfy their egoistic appetites: it was therefore bad for advanced societies of the time. The rites-culture-are necessary for socialization. Xun Zis Chapter 1. Antiquity 13 argumentation was unprecedentedly elaborate, examining every facet of a question while avoiding repetition. In a scintillating style peppered with apologues, Han Fei Zi argues that the art of governing requires techniques other than the simple manipulation of rewards and punishments. The prince is the cornerstone of a system that is supposed to ensure him of a protective impenetrableness. The state must devote itself to eliminating the useless, noxious five parasites or vermin: the scholars, rhetoricians, knights-errant, deserters, and merchants (perhaps even artisans). 3. The Fathers of Taoism. A philosophy of evasion, this school was opposed to social and political engagement. From the outset Taoism was either a means to flee society and politics or a form of consolation for those who encountered reversals in politics and society. The poetic power of its writings, which denounced limits and aphorisms of reason, explains the fascination that it continues to hold for intellectuals educated through the rationalism of the Confucians. These works, like most of the others from antiquity that were attributed to a master, in fact seem to be rather disparate texts of a school. The Dao de jing ittitg (Classic of the Way and of Power) remains the most often translated Chinese work—and the first translated, if one counts the lost translation into Sanskrit by the monk Xuanzang WM in the seventh century A. D. This series of aphorisms is attributed to Lao Zi (Master. Lao or The Old Master), whom tradition considers a contemporary of Confucius. He is said to have left this testament as he departed the Chinese world via the Xiangu Pass for the West. In their polemics against the Buddhists, the Taoists of the following millennium used this story as the basis on which to affirm that the Buddha was none other than their Chinese Lao Zi, who had been converting the barbarians of the West since his departure from China. Modern scholarship estimates that the Lao Zi could not date earlier than the third century B. C. The 1973 discoveries at Mawang Dui in Hunan confirmed what scholars had suspected for centuries: the primitive Lao Zi is reversed in respect to 14 Chinese Literature, Ancient and Classical  ours: a De dao jing 1,M1# § (Classic of Power and the Way). Its style, which is greatly admired for its obscure concision, seems to owe much to the repair work of the commentator Wang Bi . T3 (226-249). Thus it is tenable that the primitive Lao Zi was a work of military strategy. Whatever it was, the text that is preferred today runs a little over 5,000 characters and is divided into 81 sections (9 x 9). The Taoist attitude toward life is expressed here in admirably striking formulae, which lend themselves to many esoteric interpretations: He who knows does not speak; he who speaks does not know (#56). Govern a great state as you would fry small fish! (#60). Practice non-action, attend to the useless, taste the flavorless. (#63) The Zhuang Zi ate, written by Zhuang Zhou 4. -B1 or Zhuang Zi (Master Zhuang), was apparently abridged at about the same time as the Lao Zi, but at the hands of the commentator Guo Xiang # -IM (d. 312), who cut it from fifty-two to thirty-three sections. Scholars cannot agree whether the seven initial sections, called the inner chapters, are from the same hand of Zhuang Zhou as the sixteen following, called the outer chapters, and the final ten miscellaneous chapters. It is in the final ten that we find a characteristic arrangement of reconstructions from the first century, works of one school attributed to one master. In fact, it is the first part which gives the most lively impression of an encounter with an animated personality whose mind is strangely vigorous and disillusioned: Our life is limited, but knowledge is without limit. To follow the limitless with that which is limited will exhaust one. To go unrelentingly after knowledge is exhausting and c.